Bismutotantalite is a rare heavy tantalum-bismuth oxide mineral belonging to the columbite-tantalite group, crystallizing in the orthorhombic crystal system. Characterized by an exceptionally high specific gravity (up to 8.98–9.0 g/cm³), sub-adamantine to resinous luster, and high refractive indices, it occurs as a late-stage accessory mineral in highly fractionated, lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT) enriched granitic pegmatites.
Cattierite is a rare cobalt sulfide mineral with the chemical formula CoS₂, belonging to the pyrite group. First discovered in the rich stratiform copper-cobalt deposits of the Katanga Copperbelt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it typically occurs as metallic pinkish-gray to dark gray microscopic crystals, cubes, and granular aggregates associated with other base-metal sulfides.
Delhayelite is a rare, structurally complex hydrous potassium-calcium-sodium phyllosilicate mineral containing essential volatile halogens and sulfate anions (Cl, F, and SO₄²⁻). Initially discovered in the silica-undersaturated peralkaline nephelinite lavas of Mount Shaheru in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system and serves as an important indicator mineral for late-stage volatile...
Edscottite is an ultra-rare iron carbide mineral (Fe5C2) discovered inside the Wedderburn iron meteorite, formed as a phase during the slow cooling of an ancient planetesimal core.
Ferropericlase (or magnesiowüstite) is an iron-bearing variety or species of periclase, represented by the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)O. It is interpreted as one of the primary mineral components of the Earth's lower mantle alongside silicate perovskite, frequently occurring as micro-inclusions in deep mantle diamonds.
Forsterite is the magnesium-rich endmember of the olivine solid-solution series (Mg₂SiO₄ - Fe₂SiO₄), crystallizing in the orthorhombic crystal system. As an essential rock-forming orthosilicate (nesosilicate) mineral, it constitutes the dominant volumetric phase of Earth's upper mantle (peridotite/dunite) and is widespread in ultramafic igneous rocks, contact-metamorphosed dolomitic limestones, and primitive chondritic meteorites. Gem-quality intermediate varieties rich in...
Galena is the primary natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide (PbS), crystallizing in the isometric crystal system with a halite-type rock-salt crystal structure. As the world's most critical and abundant ore of lead—and a major historical source of byproduct silver—galena is celebrated for its high specific gravity (~7.6), splendent metallic luster, lead-gray streak, and perfect cubic...
Gerstleyite is an extremely rare hydrated sodium antimony arsenic sulfosalt mineral, notable as one of the first discovered alkali-bearing sulfosalts. It typically occurs as cinnabar-red to blackish-red fibrous or platy aggregates in lacustrine borate deposits.
Geversite is a rare platinum-group mineral (PGM) with the chemical composition PtSb₂, crystallizing in the isometric pyrite structure type. First described from the Driekop Mine in the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa, it forms microscopic metallic grains, euhedral cubes, and complex intergrowths typically hosted in ultramafic rocks, chromitites, and magmatic sulfide deposits.
Halite is the mineral form of sodium chloride (NaCl), commonly known as rock salt. It forms isometric crystals in evaporite deposits and is essential to human life, industry, and chemical production.
Kernowite is a rare copper iron arsenate hydrate mineral discovered in St Day, Cornwall, UK. It is the iron-dominant analogue of liroconite. Known for its distinct emerald-green crystals, it crystallizes in the monoclinic system and typically forms as tabular to wedge-shaped crystals in oxidized copper deposit zones.
Krotite is a low-pressure, high-temperature calcium aluminate oxide mineral (CaAl₂O₄) discovered within refractory inclusions of primitive chondritic meteorites, serving as one of the earliest solid materials formed in the solar nebula.
Manandonite is an extraordinarily rare, lithium- and boron-bearing trioctahedral-dioctahedral phyllosilicate mineral species belonging structurally to the 1:1 serpentine-kaolinite group. First documented in the highly fractionated granitic pegmatites of Madagascar, it is unique in mineralogy as one of the few sheet silicates that accommodates essential structural boron into the tetrahedral layers along with essential octahedral lithium and...
Naldrettite is a rare palladium antimonide mineral (Pd2Sb) discovered in the Sudbury mining district, forming under late-magmatic hydrothermal conditions within nickel-copper sulfide deposits.
Pseudorutile is an intermediate titanium-iron oxide mineral formed primarily during the low-temperature weathering and progressive leaching of ilmenite in heavy mineral sand deposits. Structurally and chemically distinct from rutile and ilmenite, it plays a vital transitional role in the supergene alteration sequence from ilmenite to leucoxene and secondary rutile/anatase, making it an essential phase in global...
Quartz is the definitive low-temperature trigonal polymorph of silicon dioxide (SiO₂), stable up to 573 °C at ambient pressures. As the defining benchmark for Mohs hardness 7 and one of the most abundant rock-forming framework tectosilicates in the Earth's continental crust, quartz is renowned for its strong piezoelectricity, chemical durability, absence of cleavage, and extensive suite...
Ruby is the prestigious red, gem-quality variety of the mineral species corundum (aluminum oxide, Al₂O₃), colored predominantly by trace amounts of chromium (Cr³⁺ substituting for Al³⁺ in octahedral coordination). Renowned as one of the traditional cardinal gemstones, it exhibits exceptional Mohs hardness (9), high refractive indices, pronounced pleochroism, and vivid chromium-induced red fluorescence under longwave UV...
Sicherite is an exceedingly rare thallium arsenic sulfosalt mineral belonging to the orthorhombic crystal system, first discovered in the cavities of Triassic dolomites at the famed Lengenbach Quarry, Switzerland.
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